solid-phase-peptide-synthesis-of-actagardine The dominant search intent revolves around the chemical synthesis of duramycin, specifically employing solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) techniques. This indicates a need for detailed information on the methodology, challenges, and applications of creating duramycin through SPPS.This technique involves stepwise addition of protected amino acids to a resin-boundpeptidechain, followed by deprotection and cleavage to release the desired ...
Tier 1:
* Core Topic: solid-phase peptide synthesis of duramycin
* Key Entities: duramycin, peptide synthesis, solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS)
* High-Relevance Phrases: duramycin peptide, peptide duramycin, Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis
Tier 2:
* Supporting Entities: lanthipeptide, antimicrobial peptide, biosynthesis, chemical synthesis, synthesis methods, amino acids, resin, Fmoc-SPPS, solution synthesis, liquid-phase synthesis, genes, Escherichia coli, Streptomyces cinnamoneum, lanthipeptide biosynthetic gene cluster, Bacillus strain, Epidermin, lactocin S, All-D-kB2
* Attributes/Variations: glycosylated, labionine-containing, class I lanthipeptide, heterodetic, tetracyclic, 21-Peptide Amide Antibiotic, antimicrobial activity, analgesic activity, antiviral activity, clinical progress, Phase II, research, industrial peptide production, small to medium-sized peptides, leader sequence, premature peptides, toxic peptides, diketopiperazine formation, homoserine lactone formation, glutamic acid side reactions, Asp-Pro cleavage, site-selective modification, sulfamidates, S-linked glycopeptides, multimodal molecular imaging, breast cancer diagnosis, cancer prognosis, histological analysis, solid tumors, mammography, cystic, radiation hazards, false positive rates
* Process Terms: stepwise addition, protected amino acids, deprotection, cleavage, resin-bound peptide chain, coupling acids, resin bound iminophosphoranes, Fmoc-Wangsynthesis, manual SPPS, microwave-based peptide synthesizers, high efficiency SPPS (HE-SPPS)
Tier 3:
* Less Relevant/Repetitive: solid, phase, synthesis, Phase, Peptide, Solid, Peptides, phase synthesis, phase peptide, duramycin's, duramycin (Moli1901), Moli1901, 35730-78-0, Cynara cardunculus (artichoke), Cynaropicrin, IRL Press, Oxford, U作者：C Overby·2025—Solid phase peptide synthesis(SPPS) techniques are critical for developing and using peptides in various biomedical applications..K., Fields GB, Noble RL (1990), Maretschek et al., 2008, Bi et al., 2011, Allgaier et al., Eur: J.
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The precise construction of complex biomolecules like duramycin is increasingly reliant on advanced synthetic methodologies. Among these, solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) stands out as a cornerstone technique for producing duramycin and other valuable peptide structuresSolid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) explained. This method offers a controlled and efficient route to assemble the intricate amino acid sequence of duramycin, moving beyond natural biosynthesis to enable detailed study and potential therapeutic applicationsCynaropicrin - Cynara cardunculus (artichoke) | 35730-78-0. Understanding the nuances of solid-phase peptide synthesis of duramycin is crucial for researchers and chemists aiming to harness the unique properties of this antimicrobial peptide作者：BG Assega·2025·被引用次数：2—Bacteriocinsynthesisis highly regulated, resulting in prematurepeptideswith a leader sequence at the N-terminus. These toxicpeptides....
Solid-phase peptide synthesis, often abbreviated as SPPS, revolutionized peptide chemistry by anchoring the growing peptide chain to an insoluble solid support, typically a resin. This strategic immobilization facilitates a cyclical process of amino acid addition, deprotection, and couplingSolid Phase Peptide Synthesis(SPPS) is a powerful tool for the design and synthesis of peptides with potential antimicrobial activity. In recent years, SPPS .... The key advantage lies in the ease of separating excess reagents and byproducts through simple filtration and washing steps, significantly simplifying purification compared to traditional solution-phase methods.作者：A Tocchetti·2021·被引用次数：16—NAI-112, a glycosylated, labionine-containing lanthipeptide with weak antibacterial activity, has demonstrated analgesic activity in relevant mouse models. For the synthesis of duramycin, a lanthipeptide known for its potent antimicrobial activity, SPPS provides a robust framework for building its complex structure, including modified amino acids and thioether cross-links characteristic of lanthipeptides.
Duramycin is a fascinating example of a lanthipeptide, a class of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) characterized by the presence of lanthionine and methyllanthionine rings. These unique structural features contribute to duramycin's potent antimicrobial and, more recently, antiviral and analgesic activities. Its ability to bind to anionic phospholipids and aminophospholipids has spurred interest in its therapeutic potential against viral infections and even cancerA Rapid Manual Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis Method for .... The complexity of duramycin's structure, including its multiple thioether bridges, presents significant challenges for chemical synthesis, making SPPS a highly attractive approach. While natural biosynthesis pathways exist in organisms like *Streptomyces cinnamoneum*, chemical synthesis offers greater control over modifications and analogue generationInsights into the Biosynthesis of Duramycin.
The standard SPPS approach for duramycin typically involves the sequential addition of protected amino acids to a resin-bound starting residue.作者：SK Tiwari·2020·被引用次数：124—...phase(Maretschek et al., 2008). Bi et al. (2011) extended the ... Thepeptide duramycinhas been shown to have a rather specific antiviral ... The Fmoc (9-fluorenyl-methoxycarbonyl) strategy is a widely adopted protocol due to its mild deprotection conditions, which are compatible with many sensitive functional groups and amino acid side chains found in duramycin. Each cycle involves:
1. Deprotection: Removal of the Fmoc protecting group from the N-terminus of the resin-bound peptide.
2. Coupling: Activation and addition of the next Fmoc-protected amino acid to the free N-terminusProbiotics at War Against Viruses: What Is Missing From ....
3. Washing: Thorough removal of excess reagents and byproducts.作者：S Bahrami·2024·被引用次数：21—FmocSolid-Phase Peptide Synthesis(Fmoc-SPPS) is a highly efficient and convenient method for producing small to medium-sized peptides. It involves binding ...
This iterative process continues until the full peptide sequence is assembled. For duramycin, specific considerations include the incorporation of unusual amino acids and the formation of the characteristic thioether rings, which often require specialized reagents and reaction conditions.EP2266624A2 - Duramycin peptide binding to anionic ... Advanced SPPS techniques, such as microwave-assisted synthesis, can accelerate reaction times and improve coupling efficiencies, which are particularly beneficial for longer or more complex sequences like that of duramycin.
Despite the power of SPPS, synthesizing a molecule as complex as duramycin is not without its hurdlesSystems and processes for performingsolid phase peptide synthesisare generally described.Solid phase peptide synthesisis a known process in which amino .... These can include:
* Side Reactions: The presence of reactive side chains on amino acids can lead to unwanted reactions during synthesis, forming impurities. Careful selection of protecting groups and coupling reagents is essential.
* Aggregation: As the peptide chain grows on the resin, it can fold and aggregate, hindering subsequent coupling steps and reducing yields.作者：Y Fu·2023·被引用次数：15—We report a class I lanthipeptide biosynthetic gene cluster (lanBTC) in a Bacillus strain, involved in the biosynthesis of a novel lanthipeptide that we termed ...
* Thioether Ring Formation: The formation of the characteristic lanthionine rings requires specific oxidative cyclization steps, which must be optimized to ensure high yields and correct stereochemistry2023年6月30日—6 Mammography has high resolution but also high false positive rates, radiation hazards and difficulty distinguishing between cystic andsolid....
* Cleavage and Purification: Releasing the completed peptide from the resin and purifying it from residual reagents and truncated sequences can be challenging, often requiring advanced chromatographic techniques like reverse-phase HPLC.
Researchers have explored various modifications to SPPS, including the use of specialized resins, coupling agents, and cleavage cocktails, to overcome these challenges and improve the overall efficiency and yield of duramycin synthesisInorganic imaging nanoprobes for breast cancer diagnosis. The development of novel strategies for incorporating the modified amino acids and facilitating the precise cyclization reactions remains an active area of research.
While SPPS offers a powerful route for synthetic duramycin, it's important to acknowledge the natural biosynthesis of this peptide. Understanding the genes and enzymatic machinery involved in duramycin production within organisms like *Streptomyces cinnamoneum* provides insights into its biological origins and can inspire new synthetic strategies. Research into expressing these biosynthesis genes in heterologous hosts like *Escherichia coli* demonstrates the potential for biotechnological production. Furthermore, hybrid approaches that combine elements of biosynthesis with chemical modifications are also being explored to create novel duramycin analogues with enhanced or altered propertiesWe report here the genes that are involved induramycinbiosynthesis, and produceduramycinby expressing those genes in Escherichia coli We show thatduramycin....
The successful solid-phase peptide synthesis of duramycin opens doors to a wide range of applicationsWe report here the genes that are involved induramycinbiosynthesis, and produceduramycinby expressing those genes in Escherichia coli We show thatduramycin.... Its potent antimicrobial activity makes it a candidate for combating drug-resistant bacteria.作者：BG Assega·2025·被引用次数：2—Bacteriocinsynthesisis highly regulated, resulting in prematurepeptideswith a leader sequence at the N-terminus. These toxicpeptides... Its established binding to phospholipids also positions it as a valuable tool for research into membrane biophysics and as a potential diagnostic agent for certain conditions.Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis and Its Applications in ... The ability to synthesize duramycin and create analogues through SPPS allows for detailed structure-activity relationship studies, which are crucial for optimizing its therapeutic potential, whether for antimicrobial, antiviral, or even analgesic purposes. As synthetic methodologies continue to advance, the precise and efficient production of complex peptides like duramycin will undoubtedly play an increasingly vital role in drug discovery and biomedical research.
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