polypeptide-vs-peptide-bond Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides represent a diverse family of biologically active molecules originating from the cleavage of a single precursor proteinPOMC-derived peptides in the neuromuscular system of .... This intricate processing generates a range of hormones and neuropeptides, each with distinct roles in physiological regulation作者：KG Mountjoy·2015·被引用次数：135—The present review focuses on evidence obtained over the past decade that has changed our understanding ofPOMCgene expression and regulation .... Understanding POMC-derived peptides is crucial for grasping their involvement in numerous bodily functions, from energy homeostasis and stress response to skin pigmentation and immune modulation作者：E Schauer·1994·被引用次数：433—These data provide first evidence thathuman keratinocytes produce POMC-derived peptidessuch as alpha MSH and ACTH.. These peptides are synthesized in various tissues, with the pituitary gland being a primary site, but also found in other locations like the brain, skin, and even the neuromuscular system.
The journey of POMC-derived peptides begins with the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) gene, which encodes a large precursor polypeptide. Through a series of enzymatic modifications, including endoproteolytic cleavage, acetylation, and amidation, this precursor is processed into several smaller, biologically significant peptides.Biosynthesis, Trafficking and Secretion of Pro ... The specific pattern of processing can vary depending on the cell type and tissue, leading to the generation of a diverse array of peptides.
Key POMC-derived peptides include:
* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): Primarily known for its role in the stress response, ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids.
* Melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSHs): Alpha-MSH ($\alpha$-MSH), beta-MSH ($\beta$-MSH), and gamma-MSH ($\gamma$-MSH) are involved in skin pigmentation, appetite regulation, and immune responses. $\alpha$-MSH, in particular, plays a significant role in energy homeostasis and has anti-inflammatory properties.
* $\beta$-Endorphin: This endogenous opioid peptide acts as a natural pain reliever and influences mood and reward pathways.作者：G Luppino·2026—POMCis subsequently processed by proprotein convertase 1/3 (PC1/3), encoded by PCSK1, into adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and α- and β-melanocyte- ...
* Melanocyte-stimulating hormone inhibiting factor (MIF): While less characterized, MIF peptides also contribute to the complex signaling network derived from POMC.
The precise cleavage sites and the activity of specific processing enzymes, such as prohormone convertases (e.gProduction and release of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) ...., PC1/3), determine the final repertoire of POMC-derived peptides produced in a given cell or tissue. This intricate regulatory mechanism ensures that the appropriate peptides are generated to fulfill specific physiological needs.
The functions of POMC-derived peptides are remarkably broad, reflecting their widespread distribution and diverse cellular targets.POMC: The Physiological Power of Hormone Processing In the central nervous system, POMC neurons in the hypothalamus are central to regulating appetite and energy expenditureProopiomelanocortin, Its Derived Peptides, and the Skin. For instance, $\alpha$-MSH acts on melanocortin receptors in the brain to promote satiety and reduce food intake, making POMC signaling a critical component of body weight regulation. Disruptions in POMC processing or signaling are strongly linked to obesity and metabolic disorders.作者：NX Cawley·2016·被引用次数：209—Processing of POMC involves many enzymes, including endoproteases, exopetidases, acetylation, and amidation enzymes, to generate thePOMC peptidessuch as ACTH, ...
Beyond their roles in metabolism and stress, POMC-derived peptides exert influence in other tissues:
* Skin: Melanocytes and keratinocytes in the skin produce POMC-derived peptides, including $\alpha$-MSH, which plays a role in melanogenesis (pigment production) and UV protection.
* Pituitary Gland: As a major site of POMC synthesis, the anterior pituitary releases ACTH and $\beta$-endorphin into the circulation.
* Brain: Beyond hypothalamic nuclei, POMC-derived peptides are found in various brain regions, influencing behavior, pain perception, and neuroinflammation.
* Neuromuscular System: Research has indicated the presence and potential roles of POMC-derived peptides in the neuromuscular system, particularly in conditions like diabetes.
The biological actions of these peptides are mediated through specific receptors on target cells, leading to a cascade of intracellular events that ultimately result in physiological changes. The interplay between different POMC-derived peptides and their respective receptors creates a complex regulatory network that fine-tunes numerous bodily processes.
The profound physiological roles of POMC-derived peptides underscore their significance in health and disease. Dysregulation of POMC processing or signaling has been implicated in a range of conditions, including obesity, Cushing's disease (due to excess ACTH), and certain autoimmune disorders. Consequently, these peptides and their pathways are targets for therapeutic intervention.
Research into POMC-derived peptides continues to expand our understanding of their multifaceted actions. Developing novel immunoassays for POMC-derived peptides as surrogate markers holds promise for diagnostic applications. Furthermore, investigations into the precise mechanisms of POMC processing and the identification of new peptide fragments with unique biological activities are ongoing.POMC processing and POMC derived peptides. PC1, PC2: prohormone convertase 1 and 2. Arrowheads indicate potential cleavage sites for processing enzymes. The intricate relationship between POMC, its processing enzymes, and various physiological outcomes highlights the potential for targeted therapies aimed at restoring balance in these critical signaling pathways.
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